# Free tools for car accident claims

> Free car accident claim tools: your state's filing deadline and its date, fault rules, who pays medical bills first, and a claim-file checklist.

Canonical page: https://accidentclaimfacts.com/tools/  
Last reviewed: October 29, 2026 by the Accident Claim Facts editorial team  
General information, not legal advice. Talk to a licensed attorney in your state.

## Quick answer

These tools show what the law says for your state, using rules we have checked against official sources. They do not estimate what a claim is worth, and they never ask for your name, contact details or the facts of your accident.

## The tools

- [Fault-rule explainer](https://accidentclaimfacts.com/tools/fault-rule-explainer/): Slide your share of the blame and choose a state to see whether its fault rule lets you recover, and what share of your proven damages you…
- [Deadline calculator](https://accidentclaimfacts.com/tools/deadline-calculator/): Choose your state, the type of claim and the date of the crash to see when the general deadline to file a lawsuit would fall, and how many…
- [Who pays my medical bills](https://accidentclaimfacts.com/tools/who-pays-my-medical-bills/): Answer four questions to see the usual order in which PIP, MedPay, health insurance, Medicare, Medicaid and the at-fault driver's insurer…
- [Claim file checklist](https://accidentclaimfacts.com/tools/claim-file-checklist/): Tick what happened in your crash to get a printable list of the documents and records worth keeping, from scene photos to medical bills…
## Deadline lookup

Choose your state and the kind of claim to see the general deadline for filing a lawsuit, the law behind it and the exceptions to watch for.

| State | Injury | Vehicle damage | Wrongful death | Fault rule |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 2 years (Ala. Code § 6-2-38(l)) | Not confirmed | 2 years (Ala. Code § 6-5-410(d)) | Contributory negligence |
| Alaska | 2 years (Alaska Stat. § 09.10.070(a)(2)) | 2 years (Alaska Stat. § 09.10.070(a)(3)) | 2 years (Alaska Stat. § 09.55.580(a)) | Pure comparative fault |
| Arizona | 2 years (A.R.S. § 12-542(1)) | 2 years (A.R.S. § 12-542(3)) | 2 years (A.R.S. § 12-542(2)) | Pure comparative fault |
| Arkansas | 3 years (Ark. Code Ann. § 16-56-105) | 3 years (Ark. Code Ann. § 16-56-105(6)) | 3 years (Ark. Code Ann. § 16-62-102(c)(1)) | Modified comparative fault (50% bar) |
| California | 2 years (Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 335.1) | 3 years (Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 338(c)(1)) | 2 years (Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 335.1) | Pure comparative fault |
| Colorado | 3 years (C.R.S. § 13-80-101(1)(n)(I)) | 3 years (C.R.S. § 13-80-101(1)(n)(I)) | 2 years (C.R.S. § 13-80-102(1)(d); § 13-21-204) | Modified comparative fault (50% bar) |
| Connecticut | 2 years (Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-584) | 2 years (Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-584) | 2 years (Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-555(a)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Delaware | 2 years (10 Del. C. § 8119) | 2 years (10 Del. C. § 8107) | 2 years (10 Del. C. § 8107) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| District of Columbia | 3 years (D.C. Code § 12-301(a)(8)) | 3 years (D.C. Code § 12-301(a)(3)) | 2 years (D.C. Code § 16-2702) | Contributory negligence |
| Florida | 2 years (Fla. Stat. § 95.11(5)(a)) | Not confirmed | 2 years (Fla. Stat. § 95.11(5)(e)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Georgia | 2 years (O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33) | 4 years (O.C.G.A. § 9-3-31) | Not confirmed | Modified comparative fault (50% bar) |
| Hawaii | 2 years (Haw. Rev. Stat. § 657-7; § 431:10C-315(b)) | 2 years (Haw. Rev. Stat. § 657-7) | 2 years (Haw. Rev. Stat. § 663-3) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Idaho | 2 years (Idaho Code § 5-219(4)) | 3 years (Idaho Code § 5-218(3)) | 2 years (Idaho Code § 5-219(4)) | Modified comparative fault (50% bar) |
| Illinois | 2 years (735 ILCS 5/13-202) | 5 years (735 ILCS 5/13-205) | 2 years (740 ILCS 180/2) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Indiana | 2 years (Ind. Code § 34-11-2-4(a)(1)) | 2 years (Ind. Code § 34-11-2-4(a)(2)) | 2 years (Ind. Code § 34-23-1-1) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Iowa | 2 years (Iowa Code § 614.1(2)) | 5 years (Iowa Code § 614.1(4)) | 2 years (Iowa Code § 614.1(2)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Kansas | 2 years (K.S.A. 60-513(a)(4)) | 2 years (K.S.A. 60-513(a)(2)) | 2 years (K.S.A. 60-513(a)(5)) | Modified comparative fault (50% bar) |
| Kentucky | 2 years (KRS 304.39-230(6)) | 2 years (KRS 413.125) | 2 years (KRS 304.39-230(6)) | Pure comparative fault |
| Louisiana | 2 years (La. Civ. Code art. 3493.1) | 2 years (La. Civ. Code art. 3493.1) | 2 years (La. Civ. Code art. 2315.2(B)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Maine | 6 years (14 M.R.S. § 752) | 6 years (14 M.R.S. § 752) | 3 years (18-C M.R.S. § 2-807(2)) | Modified comparative fault (50% bar) |
| Maryland | 3 years (Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-101) | 3 years (Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-101) | 3 years (Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-904(g)(1)) | Contributory negligence |
| Massachusetts | 3 years (Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 260, § 2A) | 3 years (Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 260, § 2A) | 3 years (Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 229, § 2) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Michigan | 3 years (MCL 600.5805(2)) | 3 years (MCL 600.5805(2)) | 3 years (MCL 600.5805(2); MCL 600.5852) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Minnesota | 6 years (Minn. Stat. § 541.05, subd. 1(5)) | 6 years (Minn. Stat. § 541.05, subd. 1(4)) | 3 years (Minn. Stat. § 573.02, subd. 1) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Mississippi | 3 years (Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-49(1)) | 3 years (Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-49(1)) | 3 years (Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-13; § 15-1-49(1)) | Pure comparative fault |
| Missouri | 5 years (Mo. Rev. Stat. § 516.120(4)) | 5 years (Mo. Rev. Stat. § 516.120(4)) | 3 years (Mo. Rev. Stat. § 537.100) | Pure comparative fault |
| Montana | 3 years (Mont. Code Ann. § 27-2-204(1)) | 2 years (Mont. Code Ann. § 27-2-207) | 3 years (Mont. Code Ann. § 27-2-204(2)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Nebraska | 4 years (Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-207(3)) | 4 years (Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-207(2)) | 2 years (Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-810) | Modified comparative fault (50% bar) |
| Nevada | 2 years (Nev. Rev. Stat. § 11.190(4)(e)) | 3 years (Nev. Rev. Stat. § 11.190(3)(c)) | 2 years (Nev. Rev. Stat. § 11.190(4)(e)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| New Hampshire | 3 years (N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 508:4, I) | 3 years (N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 508:4, I) | 3 years (N.H. RSA 556:11 and 508:4; Cheever v. Southern N.H. Reg'l Med. Ctr., 141 N.H. 589 (1997)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| New Jersey | 2 years (N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:14-2(a)) | 6 years (N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:14-1) | 2 years (N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:31-3) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| New Mexico | 3 years (N.M. Stat. Ann. § 37-1-8) | 4 years (N.M. Stat. Ann. § 37-1-4) | 3 years (N.M. Stat. Ann. § 41-2-2) | Pure comparative fault |
| New York | 3 years (N.Y. CPLR 214(5)) | 3 years (N.Y. CPLR 214(4)) | 2 years (N.Y. Est. Powers & Trusts Law § 5-4.1(1)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| North Carolina | 3 years (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-52(16)) | 3 years (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-52(4)) | 2 years (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-53(4)) | Contributory negligence |
| North Dakota | 6 years (N.D. Cent. Code § 28-01-16(5)) | 6 years (N.D. Cent. Code § 28-01-16(4)) | 2 years (N.D. Cent. Code § 28-01-18(4)) | Modified comparative fault (50% bar) |
| Ohio | 2 years (Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.10(A)) | 2 years (Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.10(A)) | 2 years (Ohio Rev. Code § 2125.02(F)(1)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Oklahoma | 2 years (Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 95(A)(3)) | 2 years (Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 95(A)(3)) | 2 years (Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 1053(A)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Oregon | 2 years (Or. Rev. Stat. § 12.110(1)) | 6 years (Or. Rev. Stat. § 12.080(4)) | 3 years (Or. Rev. Stat. § 30.020(1)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Pennsylvania | 2 years (42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5524(2)) | 2 years (42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5524(3)) | 2 years (42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5524(2)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Rhode Island | 3 years (R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-1-14(b)) | 10 years (R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-1-13(a)) | 3 years (R.I. Gen. Laws § 10-7-2(c)) | Pure comparative fault |
| South Carolina | 3 years (S.C. Code Ann. § 15-3-530(5)) | 3 years (S.C. Code Ann. § 15-3-530(4)) | 3 years (S.C. Code Ann. § 15-3-530(6)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| South Dakota | 3 years (SDCL § 15-2-14(3)) | 6 years (SDCL § 15-2-13(4)) | 3 years (SDCL § 21-5-3) | Slight/gross negligence |
| Tennessee | 1 year (Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-104(a)(1)(A)) | 3 years (Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-105) | 1 year (Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-104(a)(1); Collier v. Memphis Light, Gas & Water Div., 657 S.W.2d 771 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983)) | Modified comparative fault (50% bar) |
| Texas | 2 years (Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 16.003(a)) | 2 years (Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 16.003(a)) | 2 years (Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 16.003(b)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Utah | 4 years (Utah Code § 78B-2-307(4)) | 4 years (Utah Code § 78B-2-307(3)) | 2 years (Utah Code § 78B-2-304(3)) | Modified comparative fault (50% bar) |
| Vermont | 3 years (12 V.S.A. § 512(4)) | 3 years (12 V.S.A. § 512(5)) | 2 years (14 V.S.A. § 1492(a)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Virginia | 2 years (Va. Code § 8.01-243(A)) | 5 years (Va. Code § 8.01-243(B)) | 2 years (Va. Code § 8.01-244(B)) | Contributory negligence |
| Washington | 3 years (RCW 4.16.080(2)) | 3 years (RCW 4.16.080(2)) | 3 years (RCW 4.16.080(2); Deggs v. Asbestos Corp. Ltd., No. 91969-1 (Wash. Oct. 6, 2016)) | Pure comparative fault |
| West Virginia | 2 years (W. Va. Code § 55-2-12(b)) | 2 years (W. Va. Code § 55-2-12(a)) | 2 years (W. Va. Code § 55-7-6(d)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Wisconsin | 3 years (Wis. Stat. § 893.54(1m)(a)) | 3 years (Wis. Stat. § 893.52(2)) | 2 years (Wis. Stat. § 893.54(2m)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
| Wyoming | 4 years (Wyo. Stat. § 1-3-105(a)(iv)(C)) | 4 years (Wyo. Stat. § 1-3-105(a)(iv)(B)) | 2 years (Wyo. Stat. § 1-38-102(d)) | Modified comparative fault (51% bar) |
## How we build the tools

Every rule a tool uses is stored once, with the statute or court decision it comes from and the date we checked it. When a law changes, we update that one record and every page and tool that uses it changes with it. You can download the rules behind the tools as JSON from the [state rules file](https://accidentclaimfacts.com/api/state-rules.json).

> **Note:** The tools give general information, not legal advice. Your deadline or fault rule can differ because of facts only a lawyer can weigh, such as an injured child, a government defendant or a late-discovered injury.

## FAQ

### Are the tools free?

Yes. They are free to use, need no sign-up and store nothing you enter.

### Can a tool tell me what my claim is worth?

No. We do not publish settlement estimators. Claim value depends on evidence, treatment, insurance limits and negotiation, which no short form can capture.

### How current are the rules?

Each rule shows the date it was last checked against the official source. We review every state's rules at least every six months, and sooner when a legislature changes them.

## Sources

- [American Bar Association, Model Rule 1.5: Fees](https://www.americanbar.org/groups/professional_responsibility/publications/model_rules_of_professional_conduct/rule_1_5_fees/)
- [Alabama Legislature, Code of Alabama § 6-2-38(l)](https://law.justia.com/codes/alabama/title-6/chapter-2/article-2/section-6-2-38), checked October 29, 2026
- [Alabama Legislature, Code of Alabama § 6-5-410(d)](https://law.justia.com/codes/alabama/title-6/chapter-5/article-23/section-6-5-410), checked October 29, 2026
- [U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, No. 06-11445 (applying Alabama law; Ridgeway v. CSX Transp., 723 So. 2d 600 (Ala. 1998))](https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/unpub/files/200611445.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [Alaska Legislature, Alaska Statutes § 09.10.070(a)(2)](https://codes.findlaw.com/ak/title-9-code-of-civil-procedure/ak-st-sect-09-10-070/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Alaska Legislature, Alaska Statutes § 09.55.580(a)](https://codes.findlaw.com/ak/title-9-code-of-civil-procedure/ak-st-sect-09-55-580/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Alaska Legislature, Alaska Statutes § 09.17.060](https://codes.findlaw.com/ak/title-9-code-of-civil-procedure/ak-st-sect-09-17-060/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Arizona Legislature, Arizona Revised Statutes § 12-542(1)](https://www.azleg.gov/ars/12/00542.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [Arizona Legislature, Arizona Revised Statutes § 12-2505(A)](https://www.azleg.gov/ars/12/02505.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [Arizona Legislature, Arizona Revised Statutes § 12-711](https://www.azleg.gov/ars/12/00711.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [Supreme Court of Arkansas, Shelter Mut. Ins. Co. v. Nash, 357 Ark. 581 (2004) (applying Ark. Code Ann. § 16-56-105)](https://opinions.arcourts.gov/ark/supremecourt/en/262881/1/document.do), checked October 29, 2026
- [Arkansas General Assembly, Arkansas Code § 16-56-105(6)](https://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/title-16/subtitle-5/chapter-56/subchapter-1/section-16-56-105/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Arkansas General Assembly, Arkansas Code § 16-62-102(c)(1)](https://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/title-16/subtitle-5/chapter-62/section-16-62-102/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Arkansas General Assembly, Arkansas Code § 16-64-122(b)](https://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/title-16/subtitle-5/chapter-64/section-16-64-122/), checked October 29, 2026
- [California Legislature, Code of Civil Procedure § 335.1](https://law.justia.com/codes/california/code-ccp/part-2/title-2/chapter-3/section-335-1), checked October 29, 2026
- [California Legislature, Code of Civil Procedure § 338(c)(1)](https://law.justia.com/codes/california/code-ccp/part-2/title-2/chapter-3/section-338), checked October 29, 2026
- [Supreme Court of California, Norgart v. Upjohn Co. (1999) 21 Cal.4th 383 (via SCOCAL)](https://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/norgart-v-upjohn-co-32045), checked October 29, 2026
- [Supreme Court of California, Li v. Yellow Cab Co. (1975) 13 Cal.3d 804 (via SCOCAL)](https://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/li-v-yellow-cab-co-27850), checked October 29, 2026
- [Colorado General Assembly, C.R.S. § 13-80-101(1)(n)(I)](https://colorado.public.law/statutes/crs_13-80-101), checked October 29, 2026
- [Colorado General Assembly, C.R.S. § 13-80-102(1)(d)](https://colorado.public.law/statutes/crs_13-80-102), checked October 29, 2026
- [Colorado General Assembly, C.R.S. § 13-80-108(2)](https://colorado.public.law/statutes/crs_13-80-108), checked October 29, 2026
- [Colorado General Assembly, C.R.S. § 13-21-111(1)](https://colorado.public.law/statutes/crs_13-21-111), checked October 29, 2026
- [Connecticut General Assembly, General Statutes § 52-584](https://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/title-52/chapter-926/section-52-584/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Connecticut General Assembly, General Statutes § 52-555(a)](https://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/title-52/chapter-925/section-52-555/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Connecticut General Assembly, General Statutes § 52-572h(b)](https://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/title-52/chapter-925/section-52-572h/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Delaware General Assembly, Delaware Code Title 10 § 8119](https://delcode.delaware.gov/title10/c081/index.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Council of the District of Columbia, D.C. Code § 12-301(a)(8)](https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/12-301), checked October 29, 2026
- [Council of the District of Columbia, D.C. Code § 16-2702](https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/16-2702), checked October 29, 2026
- [Council of the District of Columbia, D.C. Law 21-167 (common-law contributory negligence)](https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/laws/21-167), checked October 29, 2026
- [Council of the District of Columbia, D.C. Code § 50-2204.52](https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/50-2204.52), checked October 29, 2026
- [Florida Legislature, Florida Statutes § 95.11(5)(a)](https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2026/95.11), checked October 29, 2026
- [Florida Legislature, Florida Statutes § 95.031(1)](https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2026/95.031), checked October 29, 2026
- [Florida Legislature, Florida Statutes § 768.81(6)](https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2026/768.81), checked October 29, 2026
- [Georgia General Assembly, Official Code of Georgia § 9-3-33](https://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/title-9/chapter-3/article-2/section-9-3-33/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Justia (Official Code of Georgia Annotated, 2024 edition), O.C.G.A. § 9-3-31](https://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2024/title-9/chapter-3/article-2/section-9-3-31/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Georgia General Assembly, Official Code of Georgia § 51-12-33(g)](https://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/title-51/chapter-12/article-2/section-51-12-33/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Hawaii State Legislature, Hawaii Revised Statutes § 657-7](https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol13_Ch0601-0676/HRS0657/HRS_0657-0007.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [Hawaii State Legislature, Hawaii Revised Statutes § 663-3](https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol13_Ch0601-0676/HRS0663/HRS_0663-0003.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [Hawaii State Legislature, Hawaii Revised Statutes § 663-31(a)](https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol13_Ch0601-0676/HRS0663/HRS_0663-0031.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [Idaho Legislature, Idaho Code § 5-219(4)](https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title5/T5CH2/SECT5-219/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Idaho Legislature, Idaho Code § 5-218(3)](https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title5/T5CH2/SECT5-218/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Idaho Legislature, Idaho Code § 6-801](https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title6/T6CH8/SECT6-801/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Illinois General Assembly, 735 ILCS 5/13-202](https://www.ilga.gov/Documents/legislation/ilcs/documents/073500050k13-202.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [Illinois General Assembly, 735 ILCS 5/13-205 (text via courtrules.net)](https://www.courtrules.net/illinois/illinois-code-civil-procedure/rule-13-205), checked October 29, 2026
- [Illinois General Assembly, Wrongful Death Act, 740 ILCS 180/2](https://ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=2059), checked October 29, 2026
- [Illinois General Assembly, 735 ILCS 5/2-1116](https://ilga.gov/Documents/legislation/ilcs/documents/073500050K2-1116.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [Indiana General Assembly, Ind. Code § 34-11-2-4 (2025 Code via Justia)](https://law.justia.com/codes/indiana/title-34/article-11/chapter-2/section-34-11-2-4/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Indiana General Assembly, Ind. Code § 34-23-1-1 (2025 Code via Justia)](https://law.justia.com/codes/indiana/title-34/article-23/chapter-1/section-34-23-1-1/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Indiana Court of Appeals, Davis-Brumley v. Fair Oaks Farms (Feb. 29, 2024), Indiana courts Case Clips](https://caseclips.courts.in.gov/2024/03/04/davis-brumley-v-fair-oaks-farms-llc-no-23a-ct-1610-__-n-e-3d-__-ind-ct-app-feb-29-2024), checked October 29, 2026
- [Indiana General Assembly, Ind. Code § 34-51-2-6 (2025 Code via Justia)](https://law.justia.com/codes/indiana/title-34/article-51/chapter-2/section-34-51-2-6/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Indiana General Assembly, Ind. Code § 34-51-2-2 (2025 Code via Justia)](https://law.justia.com/codes/indiana/title-34/article-51/chapter-2/section-34-51-2-2/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Iowa Legislature, Iowa Code § 614.1 (2026 Code)](https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/614.1.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [Iowa Supreme Court, Estate of Cataldo v. RCHP-Ottumwa, LLC, No. 24-1994 (Feb. 27, 2026)](https://www.iowacourts.gov/courtcases/25292/embed/SupremeCourtOpinion), checked October 29, 2026
- [Iowa Legislature, Iowa Code § 668.3 (2026 Code)](https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/668.3.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [Kansas Office of Revisor of Statutes, K.S.A. 60-513](https://ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch60/060_005_0013.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Kansas Supreme Court, Martin v. Naik, No. 101,146 (May 3, 2013)](https://2jd.kscourts.gov/KSCourts/media/KsCourts/Opinions/101146.pdf?ext=.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [Kansas Office of Revisor of Statutes, K.S.A. 60-258a](https://ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch60/060_002_0058a.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Kentucky General Assembly, KRS 304.39-230 (Motor Vehicle Reparations Act)](https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=45816), checked October 29, 2026
- [Kentucky General Assembly, KRS 413.125](https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/Law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=17867), checked October 29, 2026
- [Kentucky General Assembly, KRS 411.182](https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/Law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=17782), checked October 29, 2026
- [Louisiana State Legislature, Civil Code art. 3493.1](https://www.legis.la.gov/Legis/Law.aspx?d=1386443), checked October 29, 2026
- [Louisiana State Legislature, Civil Code art. 2315.2](https://legis.la.gov/LEGIS/Law.aspx?d=109371), checked October 29, 2026
- [Louisiana State Legislature, Civil Code art. 2323](https://legis.la.gov/Legis/Law.aspx?d=109387&p=y), checked October 29, 2026
- [Maine Legislature, 14 M.R.S. § 752](https://www.legislature.maine.gov/statutes/14/title14sec752.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Maine Legislature, 18-C M.R.S. § 2-807](https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/18-C/title18-Csec2-807.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Maine Legislature, 14 M.R.S. § 156](https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/14/title14sec156.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Maryland General Assembly, Courts and Judicial Proceedings § 5-101](https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2026RS/Statute_Web/gcj/5-101.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [Maryland General Assembly, Courts and Judicial Proceedings § 3-904](https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2026RS/Statute%5FWeb/gcj/3-904.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [Court of Appeals of Maryland, Coleman v. Soccer Ass'n of Columbia, No. 9, Sept. Term 2012 (July 9, 2013)](https://www.mdcourts.gov/opinions/coa/2013/9a12.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [Maryland General Assembly, HB 466 (2026 Regular Session) status page](https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/HB0466?ys=2026RS), checked October 29, 2026
- [Massachusetts Legislature, General Laws c. 260 § 2A](https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIII/TitleV/Chapter260/Section2A), checked October 29, 2026
- [Massachusetts Legislature, General Laws c. 229 § 2](https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIII/TitleII/Chapter229/Section2), checked October 29, 2026
- [Massachusetts Legislature, General Laws c. 231 § 85](https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIII/TitleII/Chapter231/Section85), checked October 29, 2026
- [Michigan Legislature, MCL 600.5805](https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-600-5805), checked October 29, 2026
- [Michigan Legislature, MCL 600.5852](https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-600-5852), checked October 29, 2026
- [Michigan Legislature, MCL 600.2959](https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-600-2959), checked October 29, 2026
- [Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes, Minn. Stat. § 541.05](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/541.05), checked October 29, 2026
- [Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes, Minn. Stat. § 573.02](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/573.02), checked October 29, 2026
- [Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes, Minn. Stat. § 604.01](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/604.01), checked October 29, 2026
- [Mississippi Legislature, Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-49 (2025 Code via Justia)](https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/title-15/chapter-1/section-15-1-49/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Mississippi Legislature, Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-13 (2025 Code via Justia)](https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/title-11/chapter-7/in-general/section-11-7-13/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Mississippi Legislature, Miss. Code Ann. § 11-7-15 (2025 Code via Justia)](https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/title-11/chapter-7/in-general/section-11-7-15/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Missouri Revisor of Statutes, RSMo § 516.120](https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=516.120), checked October 29, 2026
- [Missouri Revisor of Statutes, RSMo § 537.100](https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=537.100), checked October 29, 2026
- [Supreme Court of Missouri, Lippard v. Houdaille Industries, 715 S.W.2d 491 (Mo. banc 1986) (via Justia)](https://law.justia.com/cases/missouri/supreme-court/1986/67802-0.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Montana Legislature, MCA 27-2-204](https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0270/chapter_0020/part_0020/section_0040/0270-0020-0020-0040.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Montana Legislature, MCA 27-2-207](https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0270/chapter_0020/part_0020/section_0070/0270-0020-0020-0070.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Montana Legislature, MCA 27-1-702](https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0270/chapter_0010/part_0070/section_0020/0270-0010-0070-0020.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Nebraska Legislature, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-207](https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=25-207), checked October 29, 2026
- [Nebraska Legislature, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-810](https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=30-810), checked October 29, 2026
- [Nebraska Legislature, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-21,185.09](https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=25-21,185.09), checked October 29, 2026
- [Nevada Legislature, NRS 11.190](https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-011.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Justia (2024 Nevada Revised Statutes), NRS 41.141](https://law.justia.com/codes/nevada/chapter-41/statute-41-141), checked October 29, 2026
- [New Hampshire General Court, RSA 508:4](https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/LII/508/508-4.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [U.S. District Court for the District of New Hampshire, opinion 10-NH-008 (applying RSA 556:11 and 508:4)](https://www.nhd.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/Opinions/10/10NH008P.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [New Hampshire General Court, RSA 507:7-d](https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/lii/507/507-7-d.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [New Jersey Legislature, P.L.2019, c.120 (N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2)](https://pub.njleg.gov/bills/2018/PL19/120_.HTM), checked October 29, 2026
- [Justia (2025 New Jersey Revised Statutes), N.J.S.A. 2A:14-1](https://law.justia.com/codes/new-jersey/title-2a/section-2a-14-1/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Justia (2025 New Jersey Revised Statutes), N.J.S.A. 2A:31-3](https://law.justia.com/codes/new-jersey/title-2a/section-2a-31-3/), checked October 29, 2026
- [New Jersey Legislature, N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.1](https://lis.njleg.state.nj.us/nxt/gateway.dll/statutes/1/112/352), checked October 29, 2026
- [Justia (2025 New Mexico Statutes), NMSA 1978 § 37-1-8](https://law.justia.com/codes/new-mexico/chapter-37/article-1/section-37-1-8/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Justia (2025 New Mexico Statutes), NMSA 1978 § 37-1-4](https://law.justia.com/codes/new-mexico/chapter-37/article-1/section-37-1-4/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Justia (2025 New Mexico Statutes), NMSA 1978 § 41-2-2](https://law.justia.com/codes/new-mexico/chapter-41/article-2/section-41-2-2/), checked October 29, 2026
- [New Mexico Supreme Court, Scott v. Rizzo, 96 N.M. 682 (1981) (Caselaw Access Project text)](https://cite.case.law/nm/96/682/), checked October 29, 2026
- [New York State Senate, CPLR 214](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVP/214), checked October 29, 2026
- [New York State Senate, EPTL 5-4.1](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/EPT/5-4.1), checked October 29, 2026
- [New York State Senate, CPLR 1411](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVP/1411), checked October 29, 2026
- [North Carolina General Assembly, G.S. 1-52](https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_1/GS_1-52.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [North Carolina General Assembly, G.S. 1-53](https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_1/GS_1-53.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [UNC School of Government, On the Civil Side: 'Fault Lines: Understanding Negligence Doctrines' (2025-03-21)](https://www.sog.unc.edu/node/372836), checked October 29, 2026
- [North Dakota Legislative Assembly, N.D.C.C. § 28-01-16](https://ndlegis.gov/api/cencode/t28c01.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [North Dakota Legislative Assembly, N.D.C.C. § 32-03.2-02](https://ndlegis.gov/api/cencode/t32c03-2.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [Ohio General Assembly, Ohio Revised Code 2305.10](https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2305.10), checked October 29, 2026
- [Ohio General Assembly, Ohio Revised Code 2125.02](https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2125.02), checked October 29, 2026
- [Ohio General Assembly, Ohio Revised Code 2315.33](https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2315.33), checked October 29, 2026
- [Justia (2025 Oklahoma Statutes), 12 O.S. § 95](https://law.justia.com/codes/oklahoma/title-12/section-12-95/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Justia (2025 Oklahoma Statutes), 12 O.S. § 1053](https://law.justia.com/codes/oklahoma/title-12/section-12-1053/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Justia (2025 Oklahoma Statutes), 23 O.S. § 13](https://law.justia.com/codes/oklahoma/title-23/section-23-13/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Oregon Legislature, ORS 12.110](https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors012.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Oregon Legislature, ORS 30.020](https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors030.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Oregon Legislature, ORS 31.600](https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors031.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Pennsylvania General Assembly, 42 Pa.C.S. § 5524](https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/42/00.055.024.000..HTM), checked October 29, 2026
- [Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, Reibenstein v. Barax (2022) opinion citing Pastierik v. Duquesne Light Co. (1987)](https://www.pacourts.us/assets/opinions/Supreme/out/J-86-2022cdo%20-%20105368583206274420.pdf?cb=1), checked October 29, 2026
- [Pennsylvania General Assembly, 42 Pa.C.S. § 7102](https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/42/00.071.002.000..HTM), checked October 29, 2026
- [Rhode Island General Assembly, R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-1-14](https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE9/9-1/9-1-14.HTM), checked October 29, 2026
- [Rhode Island General Assembly, R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-1-13](https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE9/9-1/9-1-13.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [Rhode Island General Assembly, R.I. Gen. Laws § 10-7-2](https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE10/10-7/10-7-2.HTM), checked October 29, 2026
- [Rhode Island General Assembly, R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-20-4](https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE9/9-20/9-20-4.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [South Carolina Legislature, S.C. Code § 15-3-530](https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t15c003.php), checked October 29, 2026
- [S.C. Supreme Court (via FindLaw), Hooper v. Ebenezer Senior Services & Rehabilitation Center (2009)](https://caselaw.findlaw.com/sc-supreme-court/1503695.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [South Carolina Bar (copy of S.C. Supreme Court opinion), Nelson v. Concrete Supply Co. (1991)](https://www.scbar.org/media/bqrn2bfw/nelson.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [South Dakota Legislature, SDCL 15-2-14](https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/15-2-14.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [South Dakota Legislature, SDCL 15-2-13](https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/15-2-13.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [South Dakota Legislature, SDCL 21-5-3](https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/21-5-3.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [South Dakota Legislature, SDCL 20-9-2](https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/20-9-2.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Justia (2025 Tennessee Code), Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-104](https://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/title-28/chapter-3/part-1/section-28-3-104/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Justia (2025 Tennessee Code), Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-105](https://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/title-28/chapter-3/part-1/section-28-3-105/), checked October 29, 2026
- [U.S. District Court N.D. Ala. (govinfo), Murphy v. McGriff Transportation (2012), quoting Tennessee case law](https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCOURTS-alnd-2_11-cv-02754/pdf/USCOURTS-alnd-2_11-cv-02754-0.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [Tennessee Board of Law Examiners (torts outline quoting Tenn. Supreme Court), McIntyre v. Balentine (1992)](https://www.tnble.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Torts.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [Texas Legislature, Civil Practice and Remedies Code § 16.003(a)](https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CP/htm/CP.16.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [Texas Legislature, Civil Practice and Remedies Code §§ 33.001, 33.012](https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CP/htm/CP.33.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [Texas Legislature, Civil Practice and Remedies Code § 33.001](https://tcss.legis.texas.gov/resources/CP/htm/CP.33.htm), checked October 29, 2026
- [Utah Legislature, Utah Code § 78B-2-307](https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title78B/Chapter2/C78B-2-S307_2023050320230503.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Utah Legislature, Utah Code § 78B-2-304](https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title78B/Chapter2/C78B-2-S304_2026050620260506.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [U.S. Court of Appeals, 10th Cir. (applying Utah law), Maughan v. SW Servicing, 758 F.2d 1381 (1985)](https://m.openjurist.org/758/f2d/1381), checked October 29, 2026
- [Utah Legislature, Utah Code § 78B-5-818](https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title78B/Chapter5/C78B-5-S818_1800010118000101.html), checked October 29, 2026
- [Vermont General Assembly, 12 V.S.A. § 512](https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/12/023/00512), checked October 29, 2026
- [Vermont General Assembly, 14 V.S.A. § 1492](https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/14/071/01492), checked October 29, 2026
- [Vermont General Assembly, 12 V.S.A. § 1036](https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/12/027/01036), checked October 29, 2026
- [Virginia General Assembly, Code of Virginia § 8.01-243](https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title8.01/chapter4/section8.01-243/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Virginia General Assembly, Code of Virginia § 8.01-244](https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title8.01/chapter4/section8.01-244/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Supreme Court of Virginia, Williams v. Harrison, Record No. 970880 (1998)](https://ebrief.courts.state.va.us/opinions/opnscvwp/1970880.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [Washington State Legislature, RCW 4.16.080](https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=4.16.080), checked October 29, 2026
- [Washington Supreme Court, Deggs v. Asbestos Corp. Ltd., No. 91969-1 (2016)](https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/919691.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [Washington State Legislature, RCW 4.22.005](https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=4.22.005), checked October 29, 2026
- [West Virginia Legislature, W. Va. Code § 55-2-12](https://code.wvlegislature.gov/55-2-12/), checked October 29, 2026
- [West Virginia Legislature, W. Va. Code § 55-7-6](https://code.wvlegislature.gov/55-7-6/), checked October 29, 2026
- [West Virginia Legislature, W. Va. Code § 55-7-13c](https://code.wvlegislature.gov/55-7-13c/), checked October 29, 2026
- [Wisconsin Legislature, Wis. Stat. § 893.54](https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/893.54), checked October 29, 2026
- [Wisconsin Legislature, Wis. Stat. § 893.52](https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/893/v/52), checked October 29, 2026
- [Wisconsin Legislature, Wis. Stat. § 895.045](https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/895.045), checked October 29, 2026
- [Wyoming Legislature, Wyo. Stat. Title 1, § 1-3-105](https://wyoleg.gov/statutes/compress/title01.pdf), checked October 29, 2026
- [Justia (2025 Wyoming Statutes), Wyo. Stat. § 1-38-102](https://law.justia.com/codes/wyoming/title-1/chapter-38/section-1-38-102/), checked October 29, 2026